ATPases
ATPases are a group of enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of a phosphate bond in adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to form adenosine diphosphate (ADP). They harness the energy released from the breakdown of the phosphate bond and utilize it to perform other cellular reactions. ATPases are essential enzymes in all known forms of life and have fundamental roles in energy conservation, active transport and pH homeostasis.
There are three classes of ATPases, which differ in structure and the type of ion that they transport; F-ATPases (e.g. mitochondrial H+-ATPase), P-ATPases (e.g. Ca2+-ATPase, Na+,K+-ATPase) and V-ATPases (e.g. lysosomal H+-ATPase).
Properties of ATPases
| Type | P | F | V |
|---|---|---|---|
| Substances Transported | H+, Na+, K+, Ca2+ | H+ only | H+ only |
| Structural and Functional Features | Large catalytic α-subunits become phosphorylated during solute transport. β-subunits regulate transport | Multiple TM and cytosolic subunits synthesize ATP on β-subunits, powered by movement of H+ down an electrochemical gradient | Multiple TM and cytosolic subunits use energy released from ATP hydrolysis to pump H+ from cytosol to organelle lumen |
| Localization | H+ pump: plasma membrane of plants, fungi, bacteria Na+/K+ pump: plasma membrane of higher eukaryotes H+/K+ pump: plasma membrane of gastric chief cells Ca2+ pump: plasma membrane of eukaryotic cells Ca2+ pump: sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane in muscle cells | Bacterial plasma membranes Inner mitochondrial membrane Thylakoid membrane of chloroplast | Vacuolar membranes in plants, yeast and other fungi Endosomal and lyosomal membranes in eukaryotic cells Plasma membrane of acid-secreting cells (e.g. osteoclasts) |
References
Lodish et al (2000) Molecular Cell Biology. pp590. W.H.Freeman and Company.
ATPase Gene Data
| Gene | Species | Gene Symbol | Gene Accession No. | Protein Accession No. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ATP1α1 | Human | ATP1A1 | NM_000701 | P05023 |
| Mouse | Atp1a1 | NM_144900 | Q8VDN2 | |
| Rat | Atp1a1 | NM_012504 | P06685 | |
| ATP1α2 | Human | ATP1A2 | NM_000702 | P50993 |
| Mouse | Atp1a2 | NM_178405 | Q6PIE5 | |
| Rat | Atp1a2 | NM_012505 | O88773 | |
| ATP1α3 | Human | ATP1A3 | NM_152296 | P13637 |
| Mouse | Atp1a3 | NM_144921 | Q6PIC6 | |
| Rat | Atp1a3 | NM_012506 | P06687 | |
| ATP1α4 | Human | ATP1A4 | NM_144699 | Q13733 |
| Mouse | Atp1a4 | TC1638247 | Q9WV27 | |
| Rat | Atp1a4 | NM_022848 | Q64541 | |
| ATP1β1 | Human | ATP1B1 | NM_001001787 | P05026 |
| Mouse | Atp1b1 | NM_009721 | P14094 | |
| Rat | Atp1b1 | NM_013113 | P07340 | |
| ATP1β2 | Human | ATP1B2 | NM_001678 | P14415 |
| Mouse | Atp1b2 | NM_013415 | P14231 | |
| Rat | Atp1b2 | NM_012507 | P13638 | |
| ATP1β3 | Human | ATP1B3 | NM_001679 | P54709 |
| Mouse | Atp1b3 | NM_007502 | P97370 | |
| Rat | Atp1b3 | NM_012913 | Q63377 | |
| ATP1β4 | Human | ATP1B4 | NM_012069 | Q9UN42 |
| Mouse | Atp1b4 | NM_133690 | Q99ME6 | |
| Rat | Atp1b4 | NM_053381 | Q7TPI3 | |
| ATP2α1 | Human | ATP2A1 | NM_004320 | O14983 |
| Mouse | Atp2a1 | NM_007504 | Q8R429 | |
| Rat | Atp2a1 | NM_058213 | Q64578 | |
| ATP2α2 | Human | ATP2A2 | NM_001681 | P16615 |
| Mouse | Atp2a2 | NM_001110140 | O55143 | |
| Rat | Atp2a2 | NM_017290 | P11507 | |
| ATP2α3 | Human | ATP2A3 | NM_174953 | Q93084 |
| Mouse | Atp2a3 | NM_016745 | Q64518 | |
| Rat | Atp2a3 | NM_012914 | P18596 | |
| ATP2β1 | Human | ATP2B1 | NM_001001323 | P20020 |
| Mouse | Atp2b1 | NM_026482 | NP_080758 | |
| Rat | Atp2b1 | NM_053311 | P11505 | |
| ATP2β2 | Human | ATP2B2 | NM_001683 | Q01814 |
| Mouse | Atp2b2 | NM_009723 | Q9R0K7 | |
| Rat | Atp2b2 | NM_012508 | P11506 | |
| ATP2β3 | Human | ATP2B3 | NM_001001344 | Q16720 |
| Mouse | Atp2b3 | NM_177236 | NP_796210 | |
| Rat | Atp2b3 | NM_133288 | Q5EB74 | |
| ATP2β4 | Human | ATP2B4 | NM_001001396 | P23634 |
| Mouse | Atp2b4 | NM_213616 | NP_998781 | |
| Rat | Atp2b4 | NM_001005871 | Q64542 | |
| ATP2C1 | Human | ATP2C1 | NM_001001486 | P98194 |
| Mouse | Atp2c1 | NM_175025 | Q80XR2 | |
| Rat | Atp2c1 | NM_131907 | Q5PQW5 | |
| ATP2C2 | Human | ATP2C2 | NM_014861 | O75185 |
| Mouse | Atp2c2 | NM_026922 | A7L9Z8 | |
| Rat | Atp2c2 | NM_134462 | Q8R4C1 | |
| ATP4α | Human | ATP4A | NM_000704 | P20648 |
| Mouse | Atp4a | NM_018731 | Q64436 | |
| Rat | Atp4a | XM_341834 | P09626 | |
| ATP4β | Human | ATP4B | NM_000705 | P51164 |
| Mouse | Atp4b | NM_009724 | P50992 | |
| Rat | Atp4b | NM_012510 | P18598 | |
| ATP5α1 | Human | ATP5A1 | NM_004046 | P25705 |
| Mouse | Atp5a1 | NM_007505 | Q03265 | |
| Rat | Atp5a1 | NM_023093 | P15999 | |
| ATP5β | Human | ATP5B | NM_001686 | P06576 |
| Mouse | Atp5b | NM_016774 | P56480 | |
| Rat | Atp5b | NM_134364 | P10719 | |
| ATP5γ1 | Human | ATP5C1 | NM_005174 | P36542 |
| Mouse | Atp5c1 | NM_001112738 | Q91VR2 | |
| Rat | Atp5c1 | NM_053825 | P35435 | |
| ATP5δ | Human | ATP5D | NM_001001975 | P30049 |
| Mouse | Atp5d | NM_025313 | Q9D3D9 | |
| Rat | Atp5d | NM_139106 | P35434 | |
| ATP5ε | Human | ATP5E | NM_001001977 | P56381 |
| Mouse | Atp5e | NM_025983 | P56382 | |
| Rat | Atp5e | NM_139099 | P29418 | |
| ATP5F1 | Human | ATP5F1 | NM_001688 | P24539 |
| Mouse | Atp5f1 | NM_009725 | Q9CQQ7 | |
| Rat | Atp5f1 | NM_134365 | P19511 | |
| ATP5G1 | Human | ATP5G1 | NM_001002027 | P05496 |
| Mouse | Atp5g1 | NM_007506 | P48202 | |
| Rat | Atp5g1 | NM_017311 | Q06645 | |
| ATP5G2 | Human | ATP5G2 | NM_001002031 | Q06055 |
| Mouse | Atp5g2 | NM_026468 | P56383 | |
| Rat | Atp5g2 | NM_133556 | Q06646 | |
| ATP5G3 | Human | ATP5G3 | NM_001002258 | P48201 |
| Mouse | Atp5g3 | NM_175015 | P56384 | |
| Rat | Atp5g3 | NM_053756 | Q71S46 | |
| ATP5H | Human | ATP5H | NM_006356 | O75947 |
| Mouse | Atp5h | NM_027862 | Q9DCX2 | |
| Rat | Atp5h | NM_019383 | P31399 | |
| ATP5I | Human | ATP5I | NM_007100 | P56385 |
| Mouse | Atp5k | NM_007507 | Q06185 | |
| Rat | Atp5i | NM_080481 | P29419 | |
| ATP5J | Human | ATP5J | NM_001003696 | P18859 |
| Mouse | Atp5j | NM_016755 | P97450 | |
| Rat | Atp5j | NM_053602 | P21571 | |
| ATP5L | Human | ATP5L | NM_006476 | O75964 |
| Mouse | Atp5l | NM_013795 | Q9CPQ8 | |
| Rat | Atp5l | NM_212516 | Q6PDU7 | |
| ATP5O | Human | ATP5O | NM_001697 | P48047 |
| Mouse | Atp5o | NM_138597 | Q9DB20 | |
| Rat | Atp5o | NM_138883 | Q06647 | |
| ATP5S | Human | ATP5S | NM_015684 | Q99766 |
| Mouse | Atp5s | NM_026536 | Q9CRA7 | |
| Rat | Atp5s | NM_001007749 | Q5XIM4 | |
| ATP6AP1 | Human | ATP6AP1 | NM_001183 | Q15904 |
| Mouse | Atp6ap1 | NM_018794 | Q9R1Q9 | |
| Rat | Atp6ap1 | NM_031785 | O54715 | |
| ATP6AP2 | Human | ATP6AP2 | NM_005765 | Q9UG89 |
| Mouse | Atp6ap2 | NM_027439 | Q9CYN9 | |
| Rat | Atp6ap2 | XM_217592 | Q6AXS4 | |
| ATP6V1A | Human | ATP6V1A | NM_001690 | P38606 |
| Mouse | Atp6v1a | NM_007508 | P50516 | |
| Rat | Atp6v1a | NM_001108318 | NP_001101788 | |
| ATP6V1B1 | Human | ATP6V1B1 | NM_001692 | P15313 |
| Mouse | Atp6v1b1 | NM_134157 | NP_598918 | |
| Rat | Atp6v1b1 | NM_001107867 | XP_232119 | |
| ATP6V1B2 | Human | ATP6V1B2 | NM_001693 | P21281 |
| Mouse | Atp6v1b2 | NM_007509 | P62814 | |
| Rat | Atp6v1b2 | NM_057213 | P62815 | |
| ATP6V1C1 | Human | ATP6V1C1 | NM_001695 | P21283 |
| Mouse | Atp6v1c1 | NM_025494 | Q9Z1G3 | |
| Rat | Atp6v1c1 | NM_001011992 | Q5FVI6 | |
| ATP6V1C2 | Human | ATP6V1C2 | NM_144583 | Q8NEY4 |
| Mouse | Atp6v1c2 | NM_133699 | Q99L60 | |
| Rat | Atp6v1c2 | NM_001014199 | Q6AYE4 | |
| ATP6V1D | Human | ATP6V1D | NM_015994 | Q9Y5K8 |
| Mouse | Atp6v1d | NM_023721 | P57746 | |
| Rat | Atp6v1d | NM_199386 | Q6P503 | |
| ATP6V1E1 | Human | ATP6V1E1 | NM_001696 | P36543 |
| Mouse | Atp6v1e1 | NM_007510 | P50518 | |
| Rat | Atp6v1e1 | NM_198745 | Q6PCU2 | |
| ATP6V1E2 | Human | ATP6V1E2 | NM_080653 | Q96A05 |
| Mouse | Atp6v1e2 | NM_029121 | Q9D593 | |
| Rat | Atp6v1e2 | NM_001108979 | XP_345633 | |
| ATP6V1F | Human | ATP6V1F | NM_004231 | P06576 |
| Mouse | Atp6v1f | NM_025381 | Q9D1K2 | |
| Rat | Atp6v1f | NM_053884 | P50408 | |
| ATP6V1G1 | Human | ATP6V1G1 | NM_004888 | O75348 |
| Mouse | Atp6v1g1 | NM_024173 | Q9CR51 | |
| Rat | Atp6v1g1 | NM_001106660 | XP_216411 | |
| ATP6V1G2 | Human | ATP6V1G2 | NM_130463 | O95670 |
| Mouse | Atp6v1g2 | NM_023179 | Q9WTT4 | |
| Rat | Atp6v1g2 | NM_212490 | Q811A7 | |
| ATP6V1G3 | Human | ATP6V1G3 | NM_133326 | Q96LB4 |
| Mouse | Atp6v1g3 | NM_177397 | Q8BMC1 | |
| Rat | Atp6v1g3 | NM_001105991 | XP_213980 | |
| ATP6V1H | Human | ATP6V1H | NM_015941 | Q9UI12 |
| Mouse | Atp6v1h | NM_133826 | Q8BVE3 | |
| Rat | Atp6v1h | NM_001013929 | Q5XIL1 | |
| ATP6V0A1 | Human | ATP6V0A1 | NM_001130020 | Q93050 |
| Mouse | Atp6v0a1 | NM_016920 | Q9Z1G4 | |
| Rat | Atp6v0a1 | NM_031604 | P25286 | |
| ATP6V0A2 | Human | ATP6V0A2 | NM_012463 | Q9Y487 |
| Mouse | Atp6v0a2 | NM_011596 | P15920 | |
| Rat | Atp6v0a2 | NM_053775 | Q2I6B1 | |
| ATP6V0A4 | Human | ATP6V0A4 | NM_130840 | Q9HBG4 |
| Mouse | Atp6v0a4 | NM_080467 | Q920R6 | |
| Rat | Atp6v0a4 | NM_001106591 | XP_231615 | |
| ATP6V0B | Human | ATP6V0B | NM_004047 | Q99437 |
| Mouse | Atp6v0b | NM_033617 | Q91V37 | |
| Rat | Atp6v0b | NM_001106681 | XP_216510 | |
| ATP6V0C | Human | ATP6V0C | NM_001694 | P27449 |
| Mouse | Atp6v0c | NM_009729 | P63082 | |
| Rat | Atp6v0c | NM_130823 | P63081 | |
| ATP6V0D1 | Human | ATP6V0D1 | NM_004691 | P61421 |
| Mouse | Atp6v0d1 | NM_013477 | P51863 | |
| Rat | Atp6v0d1 | NM_001011927 | Q5M7T6 | |
| ATP6V0D2 | Human | ATP6V0D2 | NM_152565 | Q8N8Y2 |
| Mouse | Atp6v0d2 | NM_175406 | Q80SY3 | |
| Rat | Atp6v0d2 | NM_001011972 | Q5FVL0 | |
| ATP6V0E1 | Human | ATP6V0E1 | NM_003945 | O15342 |
| Mouse | Atp6v0e | NM_025272 | Q9CQD8 | |
| Rat | Atp6v0e1 | NM_053578 | Q794C0 | |
| ATP6V0E2 | Human | ATP6V0E2 | NM_145230 | Q8NHE4 |
| Mouse | Atp6v0e2 | NM_133764 | Q91XE7 | |
| Rat | Atp6v0e2 | NM_001002253 | Q5EB76 | |
| ATP7α | Human | ATP7A | NM_000052 | Q04656 |
| Mouse | Atp7a | NM_001109757 | Q64430 | |
| Rat | Atp7a | NM_052803 | P70705 | |
| ATP7β | Human | ATP7B | NM_000053 | P35670 |
| Mouse | Atp7b | NM_007511 | Q64446 | |
| Rat | Atp7b | NM_012511 | Q64535 | |
| ATP8A1 | Human | ATP8A1 | NM_001105529 | Q9Y2Q0 |
| Mouse | Atp8a1 | NM_001038999 | P70704 | |
| Rat | Atp8a1 | XM_223390 | XP_223390 | |
| ATP8A2 | Human | ATP8A2 | NM_016529 | Q9NTI2 |
| Mouse | Atp8a2 | NM_015803 | P98200 | |
| ATP8B1 | Human | ATP8B1 | NM_005603 | O43520 |
| Mouse | Atp8b1 | NM_001001488 | NP_001001488 | |
| Rat | Atp8b1 | NM_001106140 | XP_214553 | |
| ATP8B2 | Human | ATP8B2 | NM_020452 | P98198 |
| Mouse | Atp8b2 | NM_001081182 | P98199 | |
| Rat | Atp8b2 | NM_001024798 | Q4V8A7 | |
| ATP8B3 | Human | ATP8B3 | NM_138813 | O60423 |
| Mouse | Atp8b3 | NM_026094 | NP_080370 | |
| Rat | Atp8b3 | XM_234937 | XP_234937 | |
| ATP8B4 | Human | ATP8B4 | NM_024837 | Q8TF62 |
| Mouse | Atp8b4 | NM_001080944 | NP_001074413 | |
| Rat | Atp8b4 | XM_001055184 | Q4KLY5 | |
| ATP9A | Human | ATP9A | NM_006045 | O75110 |
| Mouse | Atp9a | NM_015731 | O70228 | |
| Rat | Atp9a | U78977 | O70128 | |
| ATP9B | Human | ATP9B | NM_198531 | O43861 |
| Mouse | Atp9b | NM_015805 | P98195 | |
| Rat | Atp9b | NM_001106130 | Q5XFX3 | |
| ATP10A | Human | ATP10A | NM_024490 | O60312 |
| Mouse | Atp10a | NM_009728 | O54827 | |
| Rat | Atp10a | NM_001141935 | Q32Q02 | |
| ATP10B | Human | ATP10B | NM_025153 | O94823 |
| Mouse | Atp10b | NM_176999 | NP_795973 | |
| Rat | Atp10b | XM_220314 | XP_220314 | |
| ATP10D | Human | ATP10D | NM_020453 | Q9P241 |
| Mouse | Atp10d | NR_003966 | Q8K2X1 | |
| Rat | Atp10d | XM_341209 | XP_341210 | |
| ATP11A | Human | ATP11A | NM_015205 | P98196 |
| Mouse | Atp11a | NM_015804 | P98197 | |
| Rat | Atp11a | NM_001107324 | XP_225014 | |
| ATP11B | Human | ATP11B | XM_087254 | Q9Y2G3 |
| Mouse | Atp11b | NM_029570 | NP_083846 | |
| Rat | Atp11b | XM_342228 | Q5RJS7 | |
| ATP11C | Human | ATP11C | NM_173694 | Q6ZUP7 |
| Mouse | Atp11c | NM_001037863 | Q9QZW0 | |
| Rat | Atp11c | XR_007360 | - | |
| ATP12α | Human | ATP12A | NM_001676 | P54707 |
| Mouse | Atp12a | NM_138652 | Q9Z1W8 | |
| Rat | Atp12a | NM_133517 | P54708 | |
| ATP13A1 | Human | ATP13A1 | NM_020410 | Q9HD20 |
| Mouse | Atp13a1 | NM_133224 | Q9EPE9 | |
| Rat | Atp13a1 | NM_001106079 | XP_214310 | |
| ATP13A2 | Human | ATP13A2 | NM_022089 | Q9NQ11 |
| Mouse | Atp13a2 | NM_029097 | Q9CTG6 | |
| Rat | Atp13a2 | XM_342962 | XP_342963 | |
| ATP13A3 | Human | ATP13A3 | NM_024524 | Q9H7F0 |
| Mouse | Atp13a3 | NM_001128096 | Q5XF89 | |
| Rat | Atp13a3 | XM_001053119 | XP_001053119 | |
| ATP13A4 | Human | ATP13A4 | NM_032279 | Q4VNC1 |
| Mouse | Atp13a4 | NM_172613 | Q5XF90 | |
| Rat | Atp13a4 | XM_221355 | XP_221355 | |
| ATP13A5 | Human | ATP13A5 | NM_198505 | Q4VNC0 |
| Mouse | Atp13a5 | NM_175650 | Q3TYU2 | |
| Rat | Atp13a5 | XM_221354 | XP_221354 | |
| NTPDase 1 | Human | ENTPD1 | NM_001776 | S73813 |
| Mouse | Entpd1 | NM_009848 | P55772 | |
| Rat | Entpd1 | NM_022587 | P97687 | |
| NTPDase 2 | Human | ENTPD2 | NM_001776 | S73813 |
| Mouse | Entpd2 | NM_009849 | O55026 | |
| Rat | Entpd2 | NM_172030 | O35795 | |
| NTPDase 3 | Human | ENTPD3 | NM_001248 | O75355 |
| Mouse | Entpd3 | NM_009849 | O55026 | |
| Rat | Entpd3 | NM_178106 | Q80Z26 |