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Nitric Oxide (NO) is an important signaling molecule that is involved in both physiological and pathological processes. Nitric oxide donors and precursors, as the name suggests, provide a functional NO group that can be involved in nitric oxide signaling pathways.

NO synthases utilize L-arginine and molecular oxygen to generate nitric oxide and L-citrulline. eNOS and nNOS are activated by calcium at concentrations > 100 nM whilst iNOS is constitutively active. All three isoforms exist as homodimers and require tetrahydrobiopterin, flavin adenine dinucleotide, flavin mononucleotide and NADPH for catalytic activity. NO synthases have roles in neurotransmission, vasodilation and immune function through the actions of the product nitric oxide.

The chemical messenger, nitric oxide is produced by the oxidation of L-arginine by a family of enzymes known as the nitric oxide synthases (NOS).