Calcium-activated Chloride Channels

Calcium-activated chloride channels (CaCC) are widely expressed in excitable and non-excitable cells. They are defined by anion selectivity, activated by intracellular calcium and modulated by CaMKII and calcineurin. The molecular nature of CaCC is unresolved; the CLCA, BEST and TMEM16 (anoctamin) genes have all been proposed as potential molecular candidates for the channel, although it is now generally considered that CLCA proteins do not form ion channels.

CaCC have a variety of roles: in transepithelial salt transport; excitability in neurons, skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscle cells; acidification; cell cycle; oocyte fertilization; and apoptosis. They also play an important role in the cardiovascular system through control of cell proliferation and vascular remodeling during hypertension, regulation of smooth muscle tone and cardiac action potential repolarization in some species. TMEM16A has also been found in sensory neurons localized with nociceptor markers, suggesting it may also play a role in nociception.

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Literature for Calcium-activated Chloride Channels

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Programmed Cell Death Poster

There are two currently recognized forms of programmed cell death: apoptosis and necroptosis. This poster summarizes the signaling pathways involved in apoptosis, necroptosis and cell survival following death receptor activation, and highlights the influence of the molecular switch, cFLIP, on cell fate.

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Pathways for Calcium-activated Chloride Channels

Apoptosis Signaling Pathway

Apoptosis is a physiological process for cell death that is critical during aging and development. It may also be referred to as cell 'suicide'. Apoptosis can be triggered by events both inside and outside of the cell.

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Calcium-activated chloride channel Gene Data