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SB 431542

Cat. No. 1614 263 Citations 8 Reviews Submit a Review Datasheet / COA / SDS
GMP Version Available: SB 431542
Pricing Availability   Qty
Description: Potent, selective inhibitor of TGF-βRI, ALK4 and ALK7
Chemical Name: 4-[4-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-5-(2-pyridinyl)-1H-imidazol-2-yl]benzamide
Purity: ≥99% (HPLC)
Datasheet
Citations (263)
Reviews (8)
Protocols (5)
Literature (3)
Pathways (1)
Biological Activity Scientific Data Technical Data Solubility Calculators Datasheets References

Biological Activity for SB 431542

SB 431542 is a potent and selective inhibitor of the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) type I receptor/ALK5 (IC50 = 94 nM), and its relatives ALK4 and ALK7. Suppresses TGF-β-induced proliferation of human osteosarcoma cells. Replaces SOX2 in reprogramming of fibroblasts into iPSCs. Stimulates proliferation, differentiation and sheet formation of ESC-derived endothelial cells. Inhibits TGF-β-induced EMT, migration, invasion and VEGF secretion in several human cancer cell lines. Also used in a protocol to generate brain organoids from human iPSCs.

SB 431542 synthesized to cGMP guidelines also available.

For more information about how SB 431542 may be used, see our protocols: 3D Culture of Lung Alveolar Cells, Differentiation of Hematopoietic Progenitors from hPSCs, Generating Midbrain Dopaminergic Neurons from hPSCs, Generating Vascular Organoids, Accelerated Induction of Cortical Neurons from hiPSCs.

Scientific Data

dopaminergic neurons derived from hiPSCs using SB 431542 View Larger

Application of SB 431542 in dopaminergic neurons derived from hiPSCs. Dopaminergic neurons derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC) using SB 431542, CHIR 99021 (Catalog # 4423, Tocris), DAPT (Catalog # 2634, Tocris) and Purmorphamine (Catalog # 4551, Tocris). Cells cultured in Neuronal Media supplemented with TGF-3 (Catalog # 8420-B3, R&D Systems), cAMP, GDNF (Catalog # 212-GD, R&D Systems), BDNF (Catalog # 248-BDB, R&D Systems), N21-MAX (Catalog # AR008, R&D Systems). Differentiation shown at days 55 (left) and 62 (right). Images courtesy of Kevin Flynn, Bio-Techne.

Compound Libraries for SB 431542

SB 431542 is also offered as part of the Tocriscreen 2.0 Max, Tocriscreen Kinase Inhibitor Library and Tocriscreen Stem Cell Library. Find out more about compound libraries available from Tocris.

Technical Data for SB 431542

M. Wt 384.39
Formula C22H16N4O3
Storage Store at RT
Purity ≥99% (HPLC)
CAS Number 301836-41-9
PubChem ID 4521392
InChI Key FHYUGAJXYORMHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Smiles NC(=O)C1=CC=C(C=C1)C1=NC(=C(N1)C1=CC=CC=N1)C1=CC2=C(OCO2)C=C1

The technical data provided above is for guidance only. For batch specific data refer to the Certificate of Analysis.

Tocris products are intended for laboratory research use only, unless stated otherwise.

Solubility Data for SB 431542

Solvent Max Conc. mg/mL Max Conc. mM
Solubility
ethanol 3.84 10
DMSO 38.44 100 with gentle warming

Preparing Stock Solutions for SB 431542

The following data is based on the product molecular weight 384.39. Batch specific molecular weights may vary from batch to batch due to the degree of hydration, which will affect the solvent volumes required to prepare stock solutions.

Select a batch to recalculate based on the batch molecular weight:
Concentration / Solvent Volume / Mass 1 mg 5 mg 10 mg
1 mM 2.6 mL 13.01 mL 26.02 mL
5 mM 0.52 mL 2.6 mL 5.2 mL
10 mM 0.26 mL 1.3 mL 2.6 mL
50 mM 0.05 mL 0.26 mL 0.52 mL

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Product Datasheets for SB 431542

Certificate of Analysis / Product Datasheet
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Safety Datasheet

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263 Citations for SB 431542

Citations are publications that use Tocris products. Selected citations for SB 431542 include:

Tebbenkamp et al (2018) The 7q11.23 Protein DNAJC30 Interacts with ATP Synthase and Links Mitochondria to Brain Development. Cell 175 1088 PMID: 30318146

Mehta et al (2018) Human Huntington's Disease iPSC-Derived Cortical Neurons Display Altered Transcriptomics, Morphology, and Maturation. Cell Rep 25 1081 PMID: 30355486

Sloan et al (2018) Generation and assembly of human brain region-specific three-dimensional cultures. Nat Protoc 13 2062 PMID: 30202107

McCauley et al (2018) Derivation of Epithelial-Only Airway Organoids from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells. Curr Protoc Stem Cell Biol 45 e51 PMID: 30040246

Noskovičová et al (2018) Cub domain-containing protein 1 negatively regulates TGF-β signaling and myofibroblast differentiation. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 314 L695 PMID: 29351434

Wu et al (2018) Intrinsic Immunity Shapes Viral Resistance of Stem Cells. Cell 172 423 PMID: 29249360

Raykhel et al (2018) BAMBI is a novel HIF1-dependent modulator of TGFβ-mediated disruption of cell polarity during hypoxia. J Cell Sci 131 PMID: 29685894

Marro et al (2016) Collagen XII contributes to epicardial and connective tissues in the Zebrafish heart during ontogenesis and regeneration PLoS One 11 e0165497 PMID: 27783651

Sulaiman et al (2016) A trematode parasite derived growth factor binds and exerts influences on host immune functions via host cytokine receptor complexes PLoS Pathogens 12 e1005991 PMID: 27806135

Moerkamp et al (2016) Human fetal and adult epicardial-derived cells: a novel model to study their activation Stem Cell Research & Therapy 7 174 PMID: 27899163

Orlova et al (2014) Functionality of endothelial cells and pericytes from human pluripotent stem cells demonstrated in cultured vascular plexus and zebrafish xenografts. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 34 177 PMID: 24158517

O'Reilly et al (2014) Interleukin-6 (IL-6) trans signaling drives a STAT3-dependent pathway that leads to hyperactive transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling promoting SMAD3 activation and fibrosis via Gremlin protein. J Biol Chem 289 9952 PMID: 24550394

Magaña et al (2014) Paracrine effects of embryo-derived FGF4 and BMP4 during pig trophoblast elongation. Dev Biol 387 15 PMID: 24445281

Redondo et al (2010) Role of TGF-β1 and MAP kinases in the antiproliferative effect of aspirin in human vascular smooth muscle cells. PLoS One 5 e9800 PMID: 20339548

Wang et al (2010) Regulation of pro-inflammatory and pro-fibrotic factors by CCN2/CTGF in H9c2 cardiomyocytes. Nat Commun 4 15 PMID: 20195389

Castañares et al (2007) Signaling by ALK5 mediates TGF-β-induced ET-1 expression in endothelial cells: a role for migration and proliferation. Genes Dev 120 1256 PMID: 17376964

Chen et al (2006) Identification of phosphatases for Smad in the BMP/DPP pathway. Sci Rep 20 648 PMID: 16510868

Ninomiya et al (2006) Transforming growth factor-β signaling enhances transdifferentiation of macrophages into smooth muscle-like cells. Mol Cell Biol 29 269 PMID: 16778334

Shi-Wen et al (2006) Constitutive ALK5-independent c-Jun N-terminal kinase activation contributes to endothelin-1 overexpression in pulmonary fibrosis: evidence of an autocrine endothelin loop operating through the endothelin A and B receptors. Exp Cell Res 26 5518 PMID: 16809784

Magro-Lopez et al (2018) Effects of lung and airway epithelial maturation cocktail on the structure of lung bud organoids. Stem Cell Res.Ther. 9 186 PMID: 29996941

Sommer et al (2018) Th17 lymphocytes induce neuronal cell death in a human iPSC-based model of Parkinson's disease. Cell Stem Cell. 23 123 PMID: 29979986

Vargel et al (2016) Activation of the TGFβ pathway impairs endothelial to haematopoietic transition. Nat Protoc 6 21518 PMID: 26891705

Huang et al (2016) Generating trunk neural crest from human pluripotent stem cells. Sci Rep 6 19727 PMID: 26812940

Morris et al (2016) The Epstein-Barr virus encoded LMP1 oncoprotein modulates cell adhesion via regulation of AVNA/TGFβ and β1 integrin signalling. Mol Cell Biol 6 19533 PMID: 26782058

Oenema et al (2016) Bronchoconstriction Induces TGF-β Release and Airway Remodelling in Guinea Pig Lung Slices. Stem Cells 8 e65580 PMID: 23840342

Zeltner et al (2016) Capturing the biology of disease severity in a PSC-based model of familial dysautonomia. Nat Med 22 1421 PMID: 27841875

Ghaedi and Niklason (2016) Human Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSC) Generation, Culture, and Differentiation to Lung Progenitor Cells. Methods Mol Biol PMID: 27628133

Genbacev et al (2016) Integrin α4-positive human trophoblast progenitors: functional characterization and transcriptional regulation. Hum Reprod 31 1300 PMID: 27083540

Buczek et al (2016) Cytoplasmic PML promotes TGF-β-associated epithelial-mesenchymal transition and invasion in prostate cancer. Oncogene 35 3465 PMID: 26549027

Neely et al (2012) DMH1, a highly selective small molecule BMP inhibitor promotes neurogenesis of hiPSCs: comparison of PAX6 and SOX1 expression during neural induction. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 3 482 PMID: 22860217

Shi et al (2012) Human cerebral cortex development from pluripotent stem cells to functional excitatory synapses. Cancer Res 15 477 PMID: 22306606

Smith et al (2012) A novel co-operative mechanism linking TGFβ and Lyn kinase activation to Im.nib resistance in chronic myeloid leukaemia cells. PLoS One 3 518 PMID: 22643838

Denham et al (2012) Glycogen synthase kinase 3β and act./nodal inhibition in human embryonic stem cells induces a pre-neuroepithelial state that is required for specification to a floor plate cell lineage. J Neurosci 30 2400 PMID: 22911885

Valdez et al (2012) Notch and TGFβ form a reciprocal positive regulatory loop that suppresses murine prostate basal stem/progenitor cell activity. Nature 11 676 PMID: 23122291

Rodríguez et al (2012) Modulation of pluripotency in the porcine embryo and iPS cells. Nat Biotechnol 7 e49079 PMID: 23145076

Varela et al (2012) Recurrent genomic instability of chromosome 1q in neural derivatives of human embryonic stem cells. Sci Rep 122 569 PMID: 22269325

Seibler et al (2011) Mitochondrial Parkin recruitment is impaired in neurons derived from mutant PINK1 induced pluripotent stem cells. Shock 31 5970 PMID: 21508222

Duan et al (2011) Increased transforming growth factor β contributes to deterioration of refrigerated fresh frozen plasma's effects in vitro on endothelial cells. J Clin Cell Immunol 36 54 PMID: 21330944

Xie et al (2011) Transforming Growth Factor-β1 Antagonizes Interleukin-5 Pro-Survival Signaling by Activating Calpain-1 in Primary Human Eosinophils. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A Suppl 1 PMID: 24244891

Grocott et al (2011) Neural crest cells organize the eye via TGF-β and canonical Wnt signalling. Stem Cell Reports 2 265 PMID: 21468017

Hecker et al (2011) Reversible differentiation of myofibroblasts by MyoD. PLoS One 317 1914 PMID: 21440539

Xi et al (2011) A poised chromatin platform for TGF-β access to master regulators. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 147 1511 PMID: 22196728

Chen et al (2011) Thrombospondin 1 is a key mediator of transforming growth factor β-mediated cell contractility in systemic sclerosis via a mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK)/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)-dependent mechanism. PLoS One 4 9 PMID: 21453480

Tan et al (2011) Generation of trophoblast stem cells from rabbit embryonic stem cells with BMP4. Nat Cell Biol 6 e17124 PMID: 21359200

Hagos et al (2007) The role of maternal act.-like signals in zebrafish embryos. Dev Biol 309 245 PMID: 17692308

Montesano et al (2007) Low concentrations of transforming growth factor-beta-1 induce tubulogenesis in cultured mammary epithelial cells. BMC Dev Biol 7 7 PMID: 17288590

Ivens et al (2007) TGF-beta receptor-mediated albumin uptake into astrocytes is involved in neocortical epileptogenesis. Brain 130 535 PMID: 17121744

Lévesque et al (2007) Transforming growth factor: beta signaling is essential for limb regeneration in axolotls. PLoS One 2 e1227 PMID: 18043735

Dai et al (2007) Cx43 mediates TGF-beta signaling through competitive Smads binding to microtubules. Mol Biol Cell 18 2264 PMID: 17429065

Horowitz et al (2007) Combinatorial activation of FAK and AKT by transforming growth factor-beta1 confers an anoikis-resistant phenotype to myofibroblasts. Cell Signal 19 761 PMID: 17113264

Ruetz et al (2017) Constitutively Active SMAD2/3 Are Broad-Scope Potentiators of Transcription-Factor-Mediated Cellular Reprogramming. Cell Stem Cell 21 791 PMID: 29174331

Park et al (2017) Learning induces the translin/trax RNase complex to express activ. receptors for persistent memory. Elife 6 PMID: 28927503

Yang et al (2017) Derivation of Pluripotent Stem Cells with In Vivo Embryonic and Extraembryonic Potency. Cell 169 243 PMID: 28388409

Kapeli et al (2016) Distinct and shared functions of ALS-associated proteins TDP-43, FUS and TAF15 revealed by multisystem analyses Nature Communications 7 12143 PMID: 27378374

Mou et al (2016) Dual SMAD Signaling Inhibition Enables Long-Term Expansion of Diverse Epithelial Basal Cells Cell: Stem Cell 19 217 PMID: 27320041

Grunseich et al (2014) Stem cell-derived motor neurons from spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy patients. Neurobiol Dis 70 12 PMID: 24925468

Rosa et al (2014) miR-373 is regulated by TGFβ signaling and promotes mesendoderm differentiation in human Embryonic Stem Cells. Dev Biol 391 81 PMID: 24709321

Huang et al (2014) Efficient generation of lung and airway epithelial cells from human pluripotent stem cells. Nat Biotechnol 32 84 PMID: 24291815

Domev et al (2014) Immunoevasive pericytes from human pluripotent stem cells preferentially modulate induction of allogeneic regulatory T cells. Stem Cells Transl Med 3 1169 PMID: 25205843

Aguila et al (2014) Selection Based on FOXA2 Expression Is Not Sufficient to Enrich for DA Neurons From Human Pluripotent Stem Cells. Stem Cells Transl Med 3 1032 PMID: 25024431

Fang et al (2014) Ets Related Gene and Smad3 Proteins Collaborate to Activate Transforming Growth Factor-Beta Mediated Signaling Pathway in ETS Related Gene-Positive Prostate Cancer Cells. J Pharm Sci Pharmacol 1 175 PMID: 25745638

Babu et al (2014) TGFβ-mediated suppression of CD248 in non-cancer cells via canonical Smad-dependent signaling pathways is uncoupled in cancer cells. BMC Cancer 14 113 PMID: 24555435

Nishimura et al (2014) Allele-specific knockdown of ALS-associated mutant TDP-43 in neural stem cells derived from induced pluripotent stem cells. PLoS One 9 e91269 PMID: 24651281

Kusuma et al (2013) Self-organized vascular networks from human pluripotent stem cells in a synthetic matrix. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 110 12601 PMID: 23858432

Kim et al (2013) High-power femtosecond-terahertz pulse induces a wound response in mouse skin. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 3 2296 PMID: 23907528

Shalom-Feuerstein et al (2013) Impaired epithelial differentiation of induced pluripotent stem cells from ectodermal dysplasia-related patients is rescued by the small compound APR-246/PRIMA-1MET. Neuropsychopharmacology 110 2152 PMID: 23355677

Pol et al (2013) Sox10-MCS5 enhancer dynamically tracks human oligodendrocyte progenitor fate. Stem Cell Res 247 694 PMID: 23507034

Crompton et al (2013) Stepwise, non-adherent differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells to generate basal forebrain cholinergic neurons via hedgehog signaling. PLoS One 11 1206 PMID: 24013066

Briones-Orta et al (2013) Arkadia regulates tumor metastasis by modulation of the TGF-β pathway. Am J Stem Cells 73 1800 PMID: 23467611

Kreitzer et al (2013) A robust method to derive functional neural crest cells from human pluripotent stem cells. Nat Methods 2 119 PMID: 23862100

Chetty et al (2013) A simple tool to improve pluripotent stem cell differentiation. Cell 10 553 PMID: 23584186

Razak et al (2013) Profiling of microRNA in human and mouse ES and iPS cells reveals overlapping but distinct microRNA expression patterns. Nat Neurosci 8 e73532 PMID: 24086284

Honda et al (2013) Naive-like conversion overcomes the limited differentiation capacity of induced pluripotent stem cells. ACS Chem Neurosci 288 26157 PMID: 23880763

Stoikos et al (2008) A distinct cohort of the TGFbeta superfamily members expressed in human endometrium regulate decidualization. Hum Reprod 23 1447 PMID: 18434375

Gressner et al (2008) Activation of TGF-beta within cultured hepatocytes and in liver injury leads to intracrine signaling with expression of connective tissue growth factor. J Cell Mol Med 12 2717 PMID: 18266973

Zhang et al (2008) Short-term BMP-4 treatment initiates mesoderm induction in human embryonic stem cells. Blood 111 1933 PMID: 18042803

Yang et al (2008) Rb/E2F4 and Smad2/3 link survivin to TGF-beta-induced apoptosis and tumor progression. Oncogene 27 5326 PMID: 18504435

Ding and Warburton (2008) Down-regulation of Sprouty2 via p38 MAPK plays a key role in the induction of cellular apoptosis by tumor necrosis factor-α. Hypertens Res 375 460 PMID: 18713620

Bharathy et al (2008) Cancer-associated transforming growth factor beta type II receptor gene mutant causes activation of bone morphogenic protein-Smads and invasive phenotype. Cancer Res 68 1656 PMID: 18339844

Ho and Whitman (2008) TGF-beta signaling is required for multiple processes during Xenopus tail regeneration. Dev Biol 315 203 PMID: 18234181

Zhu et al (2007) AVNacutely sensitizes dorsal root ganglion neurons and induces hyperalgesia via PKC-mediated potentiation of transient receptor potential vanilloid I. J Neurosci 27 13770 PMID: 18077689

Surendran et al (2022) An improved protocol for generation and characterization of human-induced pluripotent stem cell-derived retinal pigment epithelium cells STAR Protoc 3 101803 PMID: 36386870

Rosebrock et al (2022) Enhanced cortical neural stem cell identity through short SMAD and WNT inhibition in human cerebral organoids facilitates emergence of outer radial glial cells. Nat Cell Biol 24 981 PMID: 35697781

Subramanian et al (2018) Mechanical force regulates tendon extracellular matrix organization and tenocyte morphogenesis through TGFbeta signaling. Elife 7 PMID: 30475205

Hsu et al (2018) Rab5 and Alsin regulate stress-activated cytoprotective signaling on mitochondria. Elife 7 PMID: 29469808

Fröhlich et al (2018) Expression Pattern of the Aspartyl-tRNA Synthetase DARS in the Human Brain. Front Mol Neurosci 11 81 PMID: 29615866

Medelnik et al (2018) Signaling-Dependent Control of Apical Membrane Size and Self-Renewal in Rosette-Stage Human Neuroepithelial Stem Cells. Stem Cell Reports 10 1751 PMID: 29779899

Yang et al (2018) Interaction of hepatic stellate cells with neutrophils and macrophages in the liver following oncogenic kras activation in transgenic zebrafish. Sci Rep 8 8495 PMID: 29855567

Albers et al (2018) TGF-β induces Smad2 Phosphorylation, ARE Induction, and Trophoblast Differentiation. Int J Stem Cells 11 111 PMID: 29699384

Molina et al (2018) MAPK and GSK3/ beta -TRCP-mediated degradation of the maternal Ets domain transcriptional repressor Yan/Tel controls the spatial expression of nodal in the sea urchin embryo. PLoS Genet 14 e1007621 PMID: 30222786

Nehme et al (2018) Combining NGN2 Programming with Developmental Patterning Generates Human Excitatory Neurons with NMDAR-Mediated Synaptic Transmission. Cell Rep 23 2509 PMID: 29791859

Li et al (2018) Fast Generation of Functional Subtype Astrocytes from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells. Stem Cell Reports 11 998 PMID: 30269954

Sheng et al (2018) A stably self-renewing adult blood-derived induced neural stem cell exhibiting patternability and epigenetic rejuvenation. Nat Commun 9 4047 PMID: 30279449

Bayo-Puxan et al (2018) Lysosomal and network alterations in human mucopolysaccharidosis type VII iPSC-derived neurons. Sci Rep 8 16644 PMID: 30413728

Molina et al (2017) p38 MAPK as an essential regulator of dorsal-ventral axis specification and skeletogenesis during sea urchin development: a re-evaluation. Development 144 2270 PMID: 28507001

Funaki et al (2017) Chemotherapy enhances programmed cell death 1/ligand 1 expression via TGF-β induced epithelial mesenchymal transition in non-small cell lung cancer. Oncol Rep 38 2277 PMID: 28849209

Major et al (2017) Derivation of telencephalic oligodendrocyte progenitors from human pluripotent stem cells. Curr Protoc Stem Cell Biol 39 1H.10.1 PMID: 29081882

Takata et al (2017) Induced-Pluripotent-Stem-Cell-Derived Primitive Macrophages Provide a Platform for Modeling Tissue-Resident Macrophage Differentiation and Function. Immunity 47 183 PMID: 28723550

Song et al (2017) Single-Cell Alternative Splicing Analysis with Expedition Reveals Splicing Dynamics during Neuron Differentiation. Mol Cell 67 148 PMID: 28673540

Bao et al (2017) Directed differentiation and long-term maintenance of epicardial cells derived from human pluripotent stem cells under fully defined conditions. Nat Protoc 12 1890 PMID: 28817124

Sloan et al (2017) Human Astrocyte Maturation Captured in 3D Cerebral Cortical Spheroids Derived from Pluripotent Stem Cells. Neuron 95 779 PMID: 28817799

Sampaziotis et al (2017) Directed differentiation of human induced pluripotent stem cells into functional cholangiocyte-like cells. Nat Protoc 12 814 PMID: 28333915

Bershteyn et al (2017) Human iPSC-Derived Cerebral Organoids Model Cellular Features of Lissencephaly and Reveal Prolonged Mitosis of Outer Radial Glia. Cell Stem Cell 20 435 PMID: 28111201

McCauley et al (2017) Efficient Derivation of Functional Human Airway Epithelium from Pluripotent Stem Cells via Temporal Regulation of Wnt Signaling. Cell Stem Cell 20 844 PMID: 28366587

Guo et al (2017) Tissue engineering the mechanosensory circuit of the stretch reflex arc with human stem cells: Sensory neuron innervation of intrafusal muscle fibers. Biomaterials 122 179 PMID: 28129596

Sanders et al (2015) SMAD-independent down-regulation of caveolin-1 by TGF-β: effects on proliferation and survival of myofibroblasts. PLoS One 10 e0116995 PMID: 25658089

Piao et al (2015) Human embryonic stem cell-derived oligodendrocyte progenitors remyelinate the brain and rescue behavioral deficits following radiation. Cell Stem Cell 16 198 PMID: 25658373

Woods et al (2015) Increased Expression of TGF-β Signaling Components in a Mouse Model of Fibrosis Induced by Submandibular Gland Duct Ligation. PLoS One 10 e0123641 PMID: 25955532

Yan et al (2015) Stimulation of hepatocarcinogenesis by neutrophils upon induction of oncogenic kras expression in transgenic zebrafish. J Hepatol 63 420 PMID: 25828472

Kumar et al (2015) Generation of an expandable intermediate mesoderm restricted progenitor cell line from human pluripotent stem cells. Elife 4 PMID: 26554899

Aspalter et al (2015) Alk1 and Alk5 inhibition by Nrp1 controls vascular sprouting downstream of Notch. Nat Commun 6 7264 PMID: 26081042

Pasca et al (2015) Functional cortical neurons and astrocytes from human pluripotent stem cells in 3D culture. Nat Methods 12 671 PMID: 26005811

Oh et al (2015) Human-induced pluripotent stem cells generated from intervertebral disc cells improve neurologic functions in spinal cord injury. Stem Cell Res Ther 6 125 PMID: 26104416

Paek et al (2011) β-Catenin-dependent FGF signaling sustains cell survival in the anterior embryonic head by countering Smad4. Dev Cell 20 689 PMID: 21571225

Shields et al (2011) Pancreatic cancer cells respond to type I collagen by inducing snail expression to promote membrane type 1 matrix metalloproteinase-dependent collagen invasion. J Biol Chem 286 10495 PMID: 21288898

Bedel et al (2011) Novel role for STAT3 in transcriptional regulation of NK immune cell targeting receptor MICA on cancer cells. Cancer Res 71 1615 PMID: 21257710

Wilson et al (2011) Human tumour immune evasion via TGF-β blocks NK cell activation but not survival allowing therapeutic restoration of anti-tumour activity. PLoS One 6 e22842 PMID: 21909397

Herman-Edelstein et al (2011) Dedifferentiation of immortalized human podocytes in response to transforming growth factor-β: a model for diabetic podocytopathy. Diabetes 60 1779 PMID: 21521871

Olkhanud et al (2011) Tumor-evoked regulatory B cells promote breast cancer metastasis by converting resting CD4+ T cells to T-regulatory cells. Cancer Res 71 3505 PMID: 21444674

Schafer (2023) An in vivo neuroimmune organoid model to study human microglia phenotypes. Cell 186 2111 PMID: 37172564

Yin et al (2019) Chemical conversion of human fetal astrocytes into neurons through modulation of multiple signaling pathways. Stem Cell Reports 12 488 PMID: 30745031

Yoon et al (2019) Reliability of human cortical organoid generation. Nat Methods 16 75 PMID: 30573846

Xiang et al (2019) Long-term functional maintenance of primary human hepatocytes in vitro. Science 364 399 PMID: 31023926

Paonessa et al (2019) Microtubules Deform the Nuclear Membrane and Disrupt Nucleocytoplasmic Transport in Tau-Mediated Frontotemporal Dementia. Cell Rep 26 582 PMID: 30650353

Lang et al (2019) Single-Cell Sequencing of iPSC-DA Neurons Reconstructs Disease Progression and Identifies HDAC4 as a Regulator of Parkinson Cell Phenotypes. Cell Stem Cell 24 93 PMID: 30503143

Varghese et al (2019) Fine Tuning of Hepatocyte Differentiation from Human Embryonic Stem Cells: Growth Factor vs. Small Molecule-Based Approaches. Stem Cells Int 2019 5968236 PMID: 30805010

Bise et al (2019) Ciliary neurotrophic factor stimulates cardioprotection and the proliferative activity in the adult zebrafish heart. NPJ Regen Med 4 2 PMID: 30701084

Serrano et al (2019) A Novel Human Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Neural Crest Model of Treacher Collins Syndrome Shows Defects in Cell Death and Migration. Stem Cells Dev 28 81 PMID: 30375284

Aquino-Martínez et al (2019) Calcium mimics the chemotactic effect of conditioned media and is an effective inducer of bone regeneration. PLoS One 14 e0210301 PMID: 30608979

Sharma et al (2019) Deficiency of IL12p40 (Interleukin 12 p40) Promotes Ang II (Angiotensin II)-Induced Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 39 212 PMID: 30580570

Charney et al (2017) Foxh1 Occupies cis-Regulatory Modules Prior to Dynamic Transcription Factor Interactions Controlling the Mesendoderm Gene Program. Dev Cell 40 595 PMID: 28325473

Wrighton et al (2014) Signals from the surface modulate differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells through glycosaminoglycans and integrins. J Cell Sci 111 18126 PMID: 25422477

Curado et al (2014) ALK5 and ALK1 play antagonistic roles in transforming growth factor β-induced podosome formation in aortic endothelial cells. Exp Neurol 34 4389 PMID: 25266657

Wu et al (2014) A novel suppressive effect of alcohol dehydrogenase 5 in neuronal differentiation. Fibrogenesis Tissue Repair 289 20193 PMID: 24895131

Dai et al (2014) Combining TGF-β signal inhibition and connexin43 silencing for iPSC induction from mouse cardiomyocytes. PLoS One 4 7323 PMID: 25471520

Soares et al (2014) Investigating the feasibility of scale up and automation of human induced pluripotent stem cells cultured in aggregates in feeder free conditions. Cell Stem Cell 173 53 PMID: 24440272

Chambers et al (2009) Highly efficient neural conversion of human ES and iPS cells by dual inhibition of SMAD signaling. J Biotechnol 27 275 PMID: 19252484

Patani et al (2009) act./Nodal inhibition alone accelerates highly efficient neural conversion from human embryonic stem cells and imposes a caudal positional identity. Oncotarget 4 e7327 PMID: 19806200

Waghabi et al (2009) Pharmacological inhibition of transforming growth factor β signaling decreases infection and prevents heart damage in acute Chagas' disease. Sci Rep 53 4694 PMID: 19738024

Giampieri et al (2009) Localized and reversible TGFβ signalling switches breast cancer cells from cohesive to single cell motility. J Biol Chem 11 1287 PMID: 19838175

Hergenreder et al (2024) Combined small-molecule treatment accelerates maturation of human pluripotent stem cell-derived neurons. Nat.Biotechnol. PMID: 38168993

Balbi et al (2019) Supporting data on in vitro cardioprotective and proliferative paracrine effects by the human amniotic fluid stem cell secretome. Data Brief 25 104324 PMID: 31453298

Caron et al (2019) Low-density lipoprotein receptor-deficient hepatocytes differentiated from induced pluripotent stem cells allow familial hypercholesterolemia modeling, CRISPR/Cas-mediated genetic correction, and productive hepatitis C virus infection. Stem Cell Res Ther 10 221 PMID: 31358055

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Haidar et al (2019) Neuropathy-causing mutations in HSPB1 impair autophagy by disturbing the formation of SQSTM1/p62 bodies. Autophagy 15 1051 PMID: 30669930

Nguyen et al (2019) Constructing an Isogenic 3D Human Nephrogenic Progenitor Cell Model Composed of Endothelial, Mesenchymal, and SIX2-Positive Renal Progenitor Cells. Stem Cells Int 2019 3298432 PMID: 31191670

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Yoshimatsu et al (2019) A versatile toolbox for knock-in gene targeting based on the Multisite Gateway technology. PLoS One 14 e0221164 PMID: 31454364

Yin et al (2019) Neurons Derived from Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Integrate into Rat Brain Circuits and Maintain Both Excitatory and Inhibitory Synaptic Activities. Eneuro 6 PMID: 31413152

Canfield et al (2019) An isogenic neurovascular unit model comprised of human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived brain microvascular endothelial cells, pericytes, astrocytes, and neurons. Fluids Barriers CNS 16 25 PMID: 31387594

Offermann et al (2017) MED15 overexpression in prostate cancer arises during androgen deprivation therapy via PI3K/mTOR signaling. Oncotarget 8 7964 PMID: 27974704

Saini et al (2017) Nicotinamide Ameliorates Disease Phenotypes in a Human iPSC Model of Age-Related Macular Degeneration. Cell Stem Cell 20 635 PMID: 28132833

Subramanian et al (2017) Dynamic behaviour of human neuroepithelial cells in the developing forebrain. Nat Commun 8 14167 PMID: 28139695

Kunnen et al (2017) Fluid shear stress-induced TGF-β/ALK5 signaling in renal epithelial cells is modulated by MEK1/2. Cell Mol Life Sci 74 2283 PMID: 28168444

Yang et al (2017) Serotonin Activated Hepatic Stellate Cells Contribute to Sex Disparity in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 3 484 PMID: 28462385

Christoforou et al (2017) Core Transcription Factors, MicroRNAs, and Small Molecules Drive Transdifferentiation of Human Fibroblasts Towards The Cardiac Cell Lineage. Sci Rep 7 40285 PMID: 28071742

Maturana et al (2016) Mutations in LRRK2 impair NF-κB pathway in iPSC-derived neurons. J Neuroinflammation 13 295 PMID: 27863501

Nott et al (2016) Histone deacetylase 3 associates with MeCP2 to regulate FOXO and social behavior. Nat Neurosci 19 1497 PMID: 27428650

Manno et al (2016) Molecular Diversity of Midbrain Development in Mouse, Human, and Stem Cells. Cell 167 566 PMID: 27716510

Topalovski et al (2016) Hypoxia and Transforming Growth Factor β Cooperate to Induce Fibulin-5 Expression in Pancreatic Cancer. J Biol Chem 291 22244 PMID: 27531748

Locci et al (2016) AVNA programs the differentiation of human TFH cells. Nat Immunol 17 976 PMID: 27376469

Spender et al (2016) Mutational activation of BRAF confers sensitivity to transforming growth factor beta inhibitors in human cancer cells. Oncotarget 7 81995 PMID: 27835901

Ginsberg et al (2015) Direct conversion of human amniotic cells into endothelial cells without transitioning through a pluripotent state. Nat Protoc 10 1975 PMID: 26540589

Marlow et al (2013) A novel model of dormancy for bone metastatic breast cancer cells. Cancer Res 73 6886 PMID: 24145351

Rafiei and Komarova (2013) Molecular signaling pathways mediating osteoclastogenesis induced by prostate cancer cells. BMC Cancer 13 605 PMID: 24370273

James et al (2010) Expansion and maintenance of human embryonic stem cell-derived endothelial cells by TGFbeta inhibition is Id1 dependent. Nat Biotechnol 28 161 PMID: 20081865

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Roussigne et al (2009) Nodal signalling imposes left-right asymmetry upon neurogenesis in the habenular nuclei. Development 136 1549 PMID: 19363156

Xiao et al (2009) SB-431542 inhibition of scar formation after filtration surgery and its potential mechanism. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 50 1698 PMID: 19098325

Walshe et al (2009) TGF-beta is required for vascular barrier function, endothelial survival and homeostasis of the adult microvasculature. PLoS One 4 e5149 PMID: 19340291

Smyth et al (2018) TGF-β mimic proteins form an extended gene family in the murine parasite Heligmosomoides polygyrus. Int J Parasitol 48 379 PMID: 29510118

Bernard et al (2018) Glutaminolysis is required for transforming growth factor-β1-induced myofibroblast differentiation and activation. J Biol Chem 293 1218 PMID: 29222329

Caires-Júnior (2018) Discordant congenital Zika syndrome twins show differential in vitro viral susceptibility of neural progenitor cells. Nat Commun 9 475 PMID: 29396410

Wang (2018) Gain of toxic apolipoprotein E4 effects in human iPSC-derived neurons is ameliorated by a small-molecule structure corrector. Nat Med 24 647 PMID: 29632371

Imaizumi et al (2015) Controlling the Regional Identity of hPSC-Derived Neurons to Uncover Neuronal Subtype Specificity of Neurological Disease Phenotypes. J Clin Invest 5 1010 PMID: 26549851

Huang et al (2015) The in vitro generation of lung and airway progenitor cells from human pluripotent stem cells. Exp Cell Res 10 413 PMID: 25654758

Bras et al (2015) TGFβ loss activates ADAMTS-1-mediated EGF-dependent invasion in a model of esophageal cell invasion. Mol Med 330 29 PMID: 25064463

Chen et al (2015) Pen. Attenuates Proteinuria in Anti-Thy1 Glomerulonephritis via Downregulation of Nuclear Factor-κB and Smad2/3 Signaling. Brain 21 276 PMID: 25879629

Iovino et al (2015) Early maturation and distinct tau pathology in induced pluripotent stem cell-derived neurons from patients with MAPT mutations. Development 138 3345 PMID: 26220942

Jönsson et al (2015) Comprehensive analysis of microRNA expression in regionalized human neural progenitor cells reveals microRNA-10 as a caudalizing factor. Stem Cell Reports 142 3166 PMID: 26395143

Agu et al (2015) Successful Generation of Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell Lines from Blood Samples Held at Room Temperature for up to 48 hr. Exp Neurol 5 660 PMID: 26388286

Saporta et al (2015) Axonal Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease patient-derived motor neurons demonstrate disease-specific phenotypes including abnormal electrophysiological properties. Nat Commun 263 190 PMID: 25448007

Sakaguchi et al (2015) Generation of functional hippocampal neurons from self-organizing human embryonic stem cell-derived dorsomedial telencephalic tissue. Mol Neurobiol 6 8896 PMID: 26573335

Ooi et al (2015) Inhibition of Excessive Monoamine Oxidase A/B Activity Protects Against Stress-induced Neuronal Death in Huntington Disease. PLoS One 52 1850 PMID: 25398695

Kawahara et al (2015) TGF-β Negatively Regulates the BMP2-Dependent Early Commitment of Periodontal Ligament Cells into Hard Tissue Forming Cells. PeerJ 10 e0125590 PMID: 25970290

Lages et al (2015) Low oxygen alters mitochondrial function and response to oxidative stress in human neural progenitor cells. J Reprod Dev 3 e1486 PMID: 26713239

Honsho et al (2015) Naïve-like conversion enhances the difference in innate in vitro differentiation capacity between rabbit ES cells and iPS cells. BMC Cancer 61 42626 PMID: 25345855

Wilson et al (2015) The differential anti-tumour effects of Zol. acid in breast cancer - evidence for a role of the AVNsignaling pathway. Sci Rep 15 55 PMID: 25884855

Caraci et al (2015) A key role for TGF-β1 in hippocampal synaptic plasticity and memory. PLoS Comput Biol 5 11252 PMID: 26059637

Ziv et al (2015) Quantitative Live Imaging of Human Embryonic Stem Cell Derived Neural Rosettes Reveals Structure-Function Dynamics Coupled to Cortical Development. Mol Biol Cell 11 e1004453 PMID: 26473351

Niederst et al (2015) Axonal amyloid precursor protein and its fragments undergo somatodendritic endocytosis and processing. Hum Mol Genet 26 205 PMID: 25392299

Sposito et al (2015) Developmental regulation of tau splicing is disrupted in stem cell-derived neurons from frontotemporal dementia patients with the 10 + 16 splice-site mutation in MAPT. Stem Cell Reports 24 5260 PMID: 26136155

Singh et al (2015) Cell-Cycle Control of Bivalent Epigenetic Domains Regulates the Exit from Pluripotency. Stem Cells Dev 5 323 PMID: 26278042

Hu et al (2015) Generation of Naivetropic Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells from Parkinson's Disease Patients for High-Efficiency Genetic Manipulation and Disease Modeling. J Virol 24 2591 PMID: 26218671

Tabata et al (2015) Human cytomegalovirus infection interferes with the maintenance and differentiation of trophoblast progenitor cells of the human placenta. Sci Rep 89 5134 PMID: 25741001

Ramnath et al (2015) Fibulin-4 deficiency increases TGF-β signalling in aortic smooth muscle cells due to elevated TGF-β2 levels. Evodevo 5 16872 PMID: 26607280

Soukup et al (2015) The Nodal signaling pathway controls left-right asymmetric development in amphioxus. J Clin Invest 6 5 PMID: 25954501

Hadland et al (2015) Endothelium and NOTCH specify and amplify aorta-gonad-mesonephros-derived hematopoietic stem cells. Nat Cell Biol 125 2032 PMID: 25866967

Cebola et al (2015) TEAD and YAP regulate the enhancer network of human embryonic pancreatic progenitors. Mol Cell Endocrinol 17 615 PMID: 25915126

Martínez-Armenta et al (2015) TGFβ2 regulates hypothalamic Trh expression through the TGFβ inducible early gene-1 (TIEG1) during fetal development. J Clin Invest 400 129 PMID: 25448845

Li et al (2015) MicroRNA-132 enhances transition from inflammation to proliferation during wound healing. Sci Rep 125 3008 PMID: 26121747

Li et al (2014) PMA induces SnoN proteolysis and CD61 expression through an autocrine mechanism. Cell Signal 26 1369 PMID: 24637302

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Lee-Chang et al (2013) Inhibition of breast cancer metastasis by resveratrol-mediated inactivation of tumor-evoked regulatory B cells. J Immunol 191 4141 PMID: 24043896

McQualter et al (2013) TGF-β signaling in stromal cells acts upstream of FGF-10 to regulate epithelial stem cell growth in the adult lung. Stem Cell Res 11 1222 PMID: 24029687

Rostovskaya et al (2012) Transposon-mediated BAC transgenesis in human ES cells. Nucleic Acids Res 40 e150 PMID: 22753106

Grönroos et al (2012) Transforming growth factor β inhibits bone morphogenetic protein-induced transcription through novel phosphorylated Smad1/5-Smad3 complexes. Mol Cell Biol 32 2904 PMID: 22615489

Boettler et al (2012) TGF-β blockade does not improve control of an established persistent viral infection. Viral Immunol 25 232 PMID: 22620718

Sohni et al (2012) TGFβ1-induced Baf60c regulates both smooth muscle cell commitment and quiescence. PLoS One 7 e47629 PMID: 23110084

Mak et al (2012) Small molecules greatly improve conversion of human-induced pluripotent stem cells to the neuronal lineage. Stem Cells Int 2012 140427 PMID: 22567022

Outten et al (2012) High-throughput screening assay for embryoid body differentiation of human embryonic stem cells. Curr Protoc Stem Cell Biol Chapter 1 Unit 1D.6 PMID: 22415836

Boeuf et al (2012) BMP and TGFbeta pathways in human central chondrosarcoma: enhanced endoglin and Smad 1 signaling in high grade tumors. BMC Cancer 12 488 PMID: 23088614

Hoda et al (2012) Suppression of AVNA signals inhibits growth of malignant pleural mesothelioma cells. Br J Cancer 107 1978 PMID: 23169291

Ishida et al (2010) Phosphorylation of Junb family proteins by the Jun N-terminal kinase supports tissue regeneration in zebrafish. Dev Biol 340 468 PMID: 20144602

Hannigan et al (2010) Epigenetic downregulation of human disabled homolog 2 switches TGF-beta from a tumor suppressor to a tumor promoter. J Clin Invest 120 2842 PMID: 20592473

Ham et al (2010) PPARdelta promotes wound healing by up-regulating TGF-beta1-dependent or -independent expression of extracellular matrix proteins. J Cell Mol Med 14 1747 PMID: 19538467

Fong et al (2010) Tumor-supportive and osteoclastogenic changes induced by breast cancer-derived factors are reversed by inhibition of {gamma}-secretase. J Biol Chem 285 31427 PMID: 20679341

Moyano et al (2010) Autocrine transforming growth factor-{beta}1 activation mediated by integrin {alpha}V{beta}3 regulates transcriptional expression of laminin-332 in Madin-Darby canine kidney epithelial cells. Mol Biol Cell 21 3654 PMID: 20844080

Zhao et al (2006) PPARgamma agonists prevent TGFbeta1/Smad3-signaling in human hepatic stellate cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 350 385 PMID: 17010940

Ho et al (2006) Inhibitor-resistant type I receptors reveal specific requirements for TGF-beta signaling in vivo. Dev Biol 295 730 PMID: 16684517

Mimura et al (2005) Tra.Mab-mediated antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity against esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res 11 4898 PMID: 16000588

Chen et al (2005) Matrix contraction by dermal fibroblasts requires transforming growth factor-beta/act.-linked kinase 5, heparan sulfate-containing proteoglycans, and MEK/ERK: insights into pathological scarring in chronic fibrotic disease. Am J Pathol 167 1699 PMID: 16314481

König et al (2005) TGF-{beta}1 activates two distinct type I receptors in neurons: implications for neuronal NF-{kappa}B signaling. J Cell Biol 168 1077 PMID: 15781474

Anumanthan et al (2005) Restoration of TGF-beta signalling reduces tumorigenicity in human lung cancer cells. Br J Cancer 93 1157 PMID: 16251876

Easterbrook et al (2019) Analysis of the Spatiotemporal Development of Hematopoietic Stem and Progenitor Cells in the Early Human Embryo. Stem Cell Reports 12 1056 PMID: 30956115

Yang et al (2020) A Human Pluripotent Stem Cell-based Platform to Study SARS-CoV-2 Tropism and Model Virus Infection in Human Cells and Organoids Cell Stem Cell 27 125 PMID: 32579880

Kim et al (2021) Biphasic activation of WNT signaling facilitates the derivation of midbrain dopamine neurons from hESCs for translational use. Cell Stem Cell 28 343 PMID: 33545081

Piao et al (2021) Preclinical Efficacy and Safety of a Human Embryonic Stem Cell-Derived Midbrain Dopamine Progenitor Product, MSK-DA01 Cell Stem Cell 28 217 PMID: 33545080

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Reviews for SB 431542

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Growing organoids.
By Anonymous on 08/14/2023
Assay Type: In Vitro
Species: Human
Cell Line/Tissue: colorectal cancer organoids

I used the inhibitor for growing colorectal cancer organoids. Concentration is at 10 uM.

review image
Effective inhibition of TGFb family receptors.
By Paul Humphreys on 12/11/2020
Assay Type: In Vitro
Species: Human
Cell Line/Tissue: hESCs/Tc28a2s

I have used SB431542 for both selective inhibition of TGFb family receptors in TGFb activity assays and to drive differentiation of pluripotent stem cells towards mesodermal tissues.Concentration: 1nM working

If possible perform titration of SB431542 with TGFb signalling output depending upon cell type or application.

review image
Differentiation to cortical neurons.
By Julieta O'Flaherty on 12/11/2020
Assay Type: In Vitro
Species: Human
Cell Line/Tissue: Induced pluripotent stem cells

I routinely use this product to differentiate human induced pluripotent stem cells into cortical neurons. I use it at 10uM. Once reconstituted, I would only store it for a maximum of one month in -80C

Keep at -80C for a maximum of 1 month

review image
iPSC differentiation.
By Stephanie Hsiao on 10/13/2020
Assay Type: In Vitro
Species: Human
Cell Line/Tissue: iPSC

Differentiation of human iPSCs into hematopoietic progenitor cells

iPSC culture medium with 4 uM SB431542

review image
For hPSC culture.
By Anonymous on 06/30/2020
Assay Type: In Vitro
Species: Human
Cell Line/Tissue: Human PSC

For hPSC culture, final concentration 10 μM.

Make 100µl aliquots and keep them at −20 °C for up to 6 months.

review image
Dífferentiation of iPSC into neural progentor cells.
By Vladimir Milenkovic on 01/15/2020
Assay Type: In Vitro
Species: Human
Cell Line/Tissue: iPSC

Human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) were differentiated into neural progenitor cells (NPCs) as described in Chambers et al. 2009 (PMID: 19252484.) SB431542 was used at 20uM. Differentiated NPCs were then immunostained using PAX6 monoclonal Ab, and we had over 80% of PAX6 positive cells.

review image
endothelial differentiation.
By Anonymous on 05/01/2018
Assay Type: In Vitro
Species: Human
Cell Line/Tissue: stem cells differentiated endothelial cells

Stems cells undergoing differentiation to endothelial cells utilize addition of SB 431542. FLK+ve cells cultured with SB 431542 revealed colonies of endothelial cells (arrows)

review image
Works great..
By Anonymous on 01/04/2018
Assay Type: In Vitro
Species: Human
Cell Line/Tissue: Induced pluripotent stem cells

I used this product for differentiation of iPSCs into dopaminergic neurons according to the protocol published in Kriks et al, 2011.I used the concentration 10uM and it works really well.

Literature in this Area

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Stem Cell Research Product Guide

Stem Cell Research Product Guide

This product guide provides a background to the use of small molecules in stem cell research and lists over 200 products for use in:

  • Self-renewal and Maintenance
  • Differentiation
  • Reprogramming
  • Organoid Generation
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Stem Cells Scientific Review

Stem Cells Scientific Review

Written by Kirsty E. Clarke, Victoria B. Christie, Andy Whiting and Stefan A. Przyborski, this review provides an overview of the use of small molecules in the control of stem cell growth and differentiation. Key signaling pathways are highlighted, and the regulation of ES cell self-renewal and somatic cell reprogramming is discussed. Compounds available from Tocris are listed.

Stem Cells Poster

Stem Cells Poster

Written by Rebecca Quelch and Stefan Przyborski from Durham University (UK), this poster describes the isolation of pluripotent stem cells, their maintenance in culture, differentiation, and the generation and potential uses of organoids.

Pathways for SB 431542

TGF-β Signaling Pathway

TGF-β Signaling Pathway

The TGF-β signaling pathway is involved in the regulation of growth and proliferation of cells along with migration, differentiation and apoptosis.