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Description: Transduction efficiency enhancer, also apelin receptor antagonist
Purity: ≥90% (HPLC)
Biological Activity for Protamine sulfate
Protamine sulfate is a cationic peptide that enhances viral vector transduction efficiency in gene therapy applications. By neutralizing charge repulsion between viral particles and the cell surface, Protamine sulfate promotes vector attachment and uptake, leading to increased transduction efficiency. It is commonly used in combination with Polybrene (Cat. No. 7711) to enhance the delivery of adeno-associated virus (AAV) and lentiviral vectors. Protamine sulfate is widely applied in gene delivery workflows, including stem cell engineering and gene-modified cell therapy development. It is also an antagonist of apelin receptor.
For more information on how to prepare Protamine sulfate for transfection enhancement, please see our protocol.
For more information on how to prepare Protamine sulfate for enhanced-viral-transduction of mammalian cells, please see our protocol.
Protamine sulfate is supplied as a lyophilized solid in a convenient, ready-to-reconstitute vial size. A stock solution can be prepared by adding 1 mL of sterile ultra-pure water directly to the vial (final stock concentration: 10 mg/mL).
Technical Data for Protamine sulfate
| Storage | Store at +4°C |
| Purity | ≥90% (HPLC) |
| CAS Number | 53597-25-4 |
The technical data provided above is for guidance only. For batch specific data refer to the Certificate of Analysis.
Tocris products are intended for laboratory research use only, unless stated otherwise.
Solubility Data for Protamine sulfate
| Solubility | Soluble to 10 mg/ml in water with gentle warming |
Product Datasheets for Protamine sulfate
References for Protamine sulfate
References are publications that support the biological activity of the product.
Le Gonidec (2017) Protamine is an antagonist of apelin receptor, and its activity is reversed by heparin. FASEB J 31 2507 PMID: 28242772
Ellison et al (2024) Design and validation of a GMP stem cell manufacturing protocol for MPSII hematopoietic stem cell gene therapy. Mol.Ther.Methods Clin.Dev. 32 101271 PMID: 38946936
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Protocols for Protamine sulfate
The following protocol features additional information for the use of Protamine sulfate (Cat. No. 8822).
Literature in this Area
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Stem Cell Research Product Guide
This product guide provides a background to the use of small molecules in stem cell research and lists over 200 products for use in:
- Self-renewal and Maintenance
- Differentiation
- Reprogramming
- Organoid Generation
- GMP and Ancillary Material Grade Products